In this research, evaluation of statistical methods in Predication of LANDSLIDE hazard has been performed using data Processed by Geographic Information System (GIS). For this purpose, Rudbar area as an appropriate example for north part of the Iran was selected.Our investigation indicates that lithology distance from faults, vegetation cover, land use, rain fall, and maximum acceleration rate are the main LANDSLIDE CONTROLLING FACTORS in the area. Each of these FACTORS was used as a thematic layer for LANDSLIDE hazard zonation mapping.Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were used for LANDSLIDE hazard analysis. Regression analysis indicates that classification of each parameter map into a number of relavant calsses such as slope, rainfall, . . . reduces accuracy of prediction. Also weighting of samples based on area of each unit and LANDSLIDE occurrence increase accurracy.In general, among univariate statistical analaysis, area density method represents better results. Multivariate analysis indicates appropriate results for continous data compared to discrete data. On the other hand weighting of samples based on values such as area of ground units or percentage of LANDSLIDE in each unite improves the results.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the FACTORS of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social FACTORS, 2. Psychological FACTORS, 3. Cultural FACTORS, 4. Family FACTORS, 5. Personal FACTORS, 6. Relational FACTORS, 7. Economic FACTORS, 8. Media FACTORS, 9. Contextual FACTORS. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social FACTORS of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological FACTORS of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural FACTORS have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family FACTORS were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal FACTORS are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in CONTROLLING Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic FACTORS are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media FACTORS Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual FACTORS were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

1-Introduction: LANDSLIDE refers to geomorphologic processes and downward movements of the materials of the slopes, including rock, dirt, or a mixture of them (Moradi et al, 2012). LANDSLIDEs are affected by various FACTORS, including rainstorms, earthquake shocks, changes in the level of underwater, storms, rapid erosion and a series of FACTORS reducing the strength of materials (Dai et al, 2002). Because of geological, geomorphological, and topographical variations resulted from the active seismic belt of the country, many areas are susceptible to LANDSLIDEs. Therefore, it is very important to detect and anticipate this phenomenon to prevent its occurrence. Due to mountainous conditions, the climate of the study area is prone to the domain instability. The road range is also possible to suffer from the same deficiency. Existence of large joints in masses of rocks and several LANDSLIDEs in the boundaries of the road double the importance of examining the stability of the slopes and the dangers of volatility (Khajevand, 2017). Due to the high volume of damage and the direct and indirect costs of destruction that mass movement imposes on human societies and the environment, planning to carry out a systematic investigation of the effective FACTORS of mass movements and providing appropriate management solutions in these sensitive areas seem crucial. Our country, Iran, mostly has a mountainous topography with tectonic activities, and is the subject of high seismicity of various climatic and geological conditions. These major natural conditions have the potential to create a wide range of LANDSLIDEs....

LANDSLIDE zoning is one of the tools that can be used to identify unstable slopes and use them in sustainable development programs. In this study, to assess the relative risk of slopes and estimate the experimental probability of LANDSLIDEs in the Bababozorg Basin, we used nine FACTORS affecting the slope, including slope degree, slope direction, height, lithology, land use type, precipitation, and distances from faults, communication lines and water supply network. Then we made a map for each factor. We also identified and recorded the LANDSLIDEs in the basin and prepared a map of the LANDSLIDEs. By plotting the FACTORS influencing the slope, with the LANDSLIDE distribution map, and using the LNRF (LANDSLIDE Nominical Risk Factor) model in the ArcMap software environment, the effect of each factor on the slope status was estimated. Accordingly, 6. 42%, 17. 87, 27. 13, 27. 45 and 21. 11% of the area were classified as very low, low, medium, high and very high, respectively.

In drainage basins of the northern part of Iran, acombination of natural and human FACTORS have caused numerous LANDSLIDE-related damages. One of the main strategies for restricting the damage caused by the activity of LANDSLIDEs is to avoid these regions. To accomplish this, LANDSLIDE hazard zonation map of the area should be prepared. At the beginning, in this research, through field work and review of previous works, the following nine FACTORS were recognized as primary effective FACTORS on LANDSLIDE occurrence: altitude, slope, aspect, rainfall, land use, geology, distance from road, distance from fault, and distance from hydrographic network. After preparing the map for above-mentioned FACTORS in GIS environment (using Ilwis, Arc/Info, Idrisi and Arc/View softwares), these maps were overlaid with LANDSLIDE inventory map. Analyses of the results indicated that aspect and distance from hydrographic network have little effect on LANDSLIDE occurrence in the area. Then, by considering the other seven FACTORS, LANDSLIDE hazard zonation map of the area was prepared by using the following four methods: Valuing information, Valuing area accumulation, Index overlay, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results have shown that in all four methods, the regions in which serious land use changes have occurred, belong to high hazard zones and also the regions of drainage outlet have a high potential for LANDSLIDE occurrence. After this phase the evaluation of LANDSLIDE hazard zonation methods and their ranking in separation of hazard classes were done. For doing this, the method of area accumulation ratio in each hazard class was used. It was shown that different hazard zones were better separated through index overlay method.

This study firstly attempted to examine and measure the degree of development in rural areas of Hamedan province counties based on infrastructure, health and hygienic indicators and then compared the government performance during the third development plan. It used taxonomy model to harmonize and measure the level of development of rural areas; it also used Williamson coefficient of variation to compare the relative coefficients of variations. Factor analysis was used to remove the linearity between the FACTORS, to reduce FACTORS and to extract FACTORS that are effective on the regional imbalances. The results indicated that, although the adoption of planned policies was associated with unequal distribution of facilities but comparison of variation coefficients showed that the third development plan had positive impacts on more balanced distribution of development possibilities in rural infrastructures, education and health during the period 1999-2004.

LANDSLIDE as a natural hazard is very dangerous especially in mountainous areas that result in loss of human life and property around the world. Iran is always exposed to LANDSLIDE hazard especially in the north and west because of climatic and topographic conditions. The aim of this research is prioritization of LANDSLIDE-conditioning FACTORS and its LANDSLIDE susceptibility mapping in the part of Golestan Province using random forest new algorithm. At first, LANDSLIDE locations were identified using field survey, historical report, and Google earth. In total, 78 LANDSLIDE locations were identified and divided into two parts for modeling (70%) and validation (30%). Eleven FACTORS of LANDSLIDE-conditioning including slope aspect, altitude, distance from streams, distance from faults, distance from roads, lithology, land use, slope-length, plan curvature, precipitation, and slope angle were prepared. The relationships between the effective FACTORS and the LANDSLIDE inventory map were calculated using the random forest algorithm, and then LANDSLIDE susceptibility map was prepared in the GIS environment. Prioritization of LANDSLIDE-conditioning FACTORS showed that distance from road, distance from faults, and altitude have the most effect on LANDSLIDE occurrence respectively. Finally LANDSLIDE susceptibility map produced by random forest model were divided to four susceptibility classes such as low (29.18%), moderate (33.44%), high (24.82%), and very high (12.55%). ROC curve and the area under the curve were used for accuracy assessment of the prepared map using about 30% of LANDSLIDEs. Results showed that the random forest model produced reasonable accuracy in LANDSLIDE susceptibility mapping with area under curve of 0.706.

LANDSLIDE causes many social and economic losses in many parts of the world every year. These losses can be greatly reduced by using appropriate management measures such as mapping LANDSLIDE susceptibility mapping in the basin. The aim of this study is LANDSLIDE susceptibility mapping using Mahalanobis distance in the Latyan catchment. First, a total of 208 cases of LANDSLIDEs identificated and geo-referenced using geographic information systems based on an interpretation of aerial photographs and extensive field surveys and provided a LANDSLIDE inventory map. The map of 12 FACTORS, including rainfall, land use, distance to fault, distance from river, distance from road, lithology, altitude, slope, aspect, plan curvature, Peak Ground Acceleration and topographic wetness index as the most important FACTORS in LANDSLIDEs was prepared. Then the correlating each factor and the LANDSLIDE was examined. Finally LANDSLIDE susceptibility zoning map was provided based on the Mahalanobis distance in Latyan catchment. To evaluate the results, the ROC and chi-square tests were used. The results show more than 80 % of the catchment located in range of high and very high susceptibility classes and need to suitable management operations. AUC index (area under the curve ROC) for this model is achieved to 0. 896 or 89. 6% which represent capability and high accuracy. Chi-square test results also reflect the proper separation of LANDSLIDE susceptibility classes by model.